Pearl millet is suitable for young girls....!

Pearl millet and teenage girls    by Mwangi Mumero

Researchers at the International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) have launched a study to out how groundnuts and pearl millet can be used to alleviate iron deficiency among teenage girls.

Anaemia caused by iron deficiency is a major cause of death among the 16-19 year teenage girls due to their monthly menstruation cycles.

This is especially acute in semi-arid regions across the world where sources of iron are scarce.

Known as ‘FeFa Girls’, the project will address iron deficiency and poor dietary fibre intake. A key aspect of iron-deficiency anaemia prevention and control is promotion of diets containing adequate amounts of bioavailable iron.

Currently, the project has been launched in India but its findings will be used across the globe to address the glaring challenges of iron deficiency.

Intensive approach to health and wellbeing is important for development of adolescent girls, according to researchers.

“Our approach is to use practical food-based solutions using crops rich in iron and dietary fibres. We aim to achieve overall improvement of iron supply naturally in adolescent girls with mild to moderate iron deficiency,” observed Dr Peter Carberry, Director General, ICRISAT.

A study on pearl millet published in Journal of Nutrition shows that pearl millet bred to contain more iron can supply young children with their full iron needs

Pearl millet is an important staple food in semi-arid regions of India and Africa where iron deficiency is common.

The results indicate that less than 160 of the iron rich pearl millet flour daily is enough to provide women aged 18-45 years with more than 70 percent of their daily iron needs.

In a related research , use of biofortified high iron pearl millet cab reduce significance iron deficiencies and improve nutrition and cognitive performance.

Researchers note that poor diets lacking in iron reduce brain development and capacity- hampering individuals’ potential and societies.

This is especially common in poor third world nations where iron deficiency also leads to anemia in children and women.

Societies that are vegetarian are particularly at risk of iron deficiencies especially if green vegetables are lacking, observes the study by Oxford University.

 “If we can improve adolescents’ performance in school by improving their iron status we may also have longer term impacts in terms of their ability to secure a good job, or be admitted to a college program,” says Dr. Samuel Scott, Associate Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute, lead author of the study. (ends)

Smart digital solutions for agriculture in Kenya and the East African region

Smart agricultural solutions     by Mwangi Mumero

New smart solutions were recently unveiled to solve emerging challenges in agriculture at the  Agri-Food Trade and Investment (AFTI) Summit held the Radisson Blu hotel in Nairobi.

Most of the new ideas involved the use of mobile devices to access information that is vital to the farming business.

“Working with the government of Kenya, we have been able to develop a SMS platform where farmers can receive timely information on the fall armyworm. Farmers send and receive messages on their phones which will assist them to make vital decisions on the pest,” observed Emmanuel Bakirdjian, Director for Precision Agriculture Development during his presentation.

According to Mr. Bakirdjian, the SMS messages cover various topics including monitoring, identification, non-chemical and chemical control measures and best practices.

 Farmers send and receive free messages through Safaricom and Airtel networks, Kenya’s largest mobile telephony firms.

The messages are available both in English and Kiswahili.

The special messages have been developed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KARLO), Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Kenya Plant and Health Inspectorate Service, and Pest Control and Poisons Board.

Precision Agriculture Development (PAD) has registered 363,000 users have registered on the platform since its launch last year.

It also provides actionable, customized, and high-quality farming advice for maize, beans, and potatoes to help farmers increase their productivity.

According to Mr. Bakirdjian, PAD is an Iinternational NGO operating in Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

On its part Liquid Telecom Kenya has worked closely with the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KARLO) to launch an e-service platform and three mobile apps for chicken, pasture seeds and dryland crop farmers.

Through these platforms farmers can receive real-time updates from meteorological agency and research labs.

“Delivering new technologies through the internet based infrastructure is changing the way farmers produce crops and livestock. There is need to adapt to new methods of accessing up-to-date data on crop varieties and farming methods. We believe our involvements in this area will ensure food security and improves diets of millions of Kenyans,” noted Adil Youssefi, CEO of Liquid Telecom Kenya during his presentation.

According to Mr. Youssefi, his firm recognizes the role of technology in research, generation and creation of new knowledge, which is vital in national development.

“KARLO’s new e-services will be driving our common vision and goal of restructuring agricultural and livestock research into a dynamic, innovative, responsive and well-coordinated system,” he observed.

Already, Liquid Telecom Kenya has installed a Wide Area Network and VSAT internet connection offering up to 100 bps across 42 KARLO research stations.

For instance farmers can now access information on feed availability, diseases as well as other chicken information on the Indigenous Chicken app. Kenya is estimated to have at least 32 million indigenous chicken which produce most of the poultry meat consumed in the country.

On the other hand, the ‘Range Pasture Seed Production App’ avails information on soil and water management technologies as well as seed varieties tolerant to drought, pests and diseases.

Water availability and sources for agriculture also proved an important area for developers of smart farming solutions.

“Our solutions are able to collect information on underground water sources available to farmers. They can also advice farmers on soils and synchronise data in relation to water and climate information”, observed Andrew Denu, Products Manager with Sun Culture, a firm that develops irrigation solutions.

The company’s ‘Rainmaker 2’ is a solar powered irrigation solution which uses artificial intelligence to collect information on water sources for farmers. The solution can also provide water both for domestic and irrigation purposes.

The firm has also developed ‘Agoptimised farmer Sensor’ app which is available on smartphones.

“The app helps farmers to build weather models, helps in crop yield monitoring, pests and diseases data as well as map out water sources data”, noted Mr. Denu during the presentations.

The app provides real time data on possible drought conditions and is valuable for government and development organizations especially those with activities in arid and semi arid regions.

Another smart solution presentation was done by WeFarm, a global network that offers free SMS to farmers seeking answers to their farming activities.

“Our app analyses the SMS received from farmers and provides viable answers across the value chain. It connects farmers across borders and allow them to discuss common problems affecting their farming activates,” said Mr. Mwiti Mwika from We Farm, a body that globally connects 1.6 million farmers via the short text messages (SMS).

According to Mr. Mwika, WeFarm maps out possible diseases and pests in the field giving vital information on possible crisis areas. Through the network, farmers can reach suitable markets for their products –boosting their returns.

Financed through venture capital, WeFarm registers at least 80,000 farmers into the system monthly according to Mr. Mwika.  

 With the success of M-Pesa, Kenya’s premier money transfer application, fintech organisations have moved to fill the gaps in farmer financing.

Using the ease of M-Pesa app in simple phones, microfinance organizations have been able to loan farmers cash to purchase farm inputs among other needs.

Repayment of the loans by farmers takes place with mobile transfer service M-Pesa.

“We dispense at least Ksh 20,000 to farmers to purchase farm inputs such as fertilizer through their mobile phones. This has helped to reach the rural populations that are far from commercial banks”, observed Stanley Munyao, chief executive officer with Musoni, a Kenyan microfinance.

Through their mobile apps, farmers can apply and get loans within 24 hours- improving financial inclusion as well as reducing the gaps in agricultural financing. (ends)

Using zebra smell to controlling trypanosomiasis (Nagana)

Zebra smell in controlling nagana    by Mwangi Mumero

Trypanosomiasis, African’s deadly livestock disease may be managed through the use of zebra odours, researchers from the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe) and their partners at the University of Pretoria now report.

Trypanosomiasis can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is known as nagana in animals and sleeping sickness in humans.

Writing in the PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Journal, the researchers report that zebras, found in African rangelands produce smells that repel tsetse fly, the main vector for the diseases.

“Previous research has shown that tsetse flies avoid, and hardly bite zebras, even though zebras are commonly present in areas infested by the flies. Until now, the reason for this evasion has been unclear, with speculations that the zebras’ striped skin is a contributing factor. However, the zebra stripes are only visible to tsetse flies at about 5–10 metres. Beyond this distance, zebras appear uniformly grey to the flies,” explained Olabimpe Olaide, a Nigerian scholar who conducted the study as part of her PhD research at icipe, registered at the University of Pretoria.

Found only in Africa, tsetse flies and the diseases they transmit are one of the major constraints to livestock and agricultural production, land use, nutrition, incomes, and overall development in Africa.

Control of the flies with synthetic insecticides is expensive and harmful to people, livestock and the environment.

 According to Ms. Olaide, the study established that zebras produce certain scents that repel tsetse flies. A blend of three of these odours enhances the effectiveness of existing tsetse management tools, including the icipe tsetse repellent collar technology and traps.

The tsetse fly traps use colour or smell to attract flies after which they are killed

The highly successful tsetse repellent collar technology exploits chemical signals obtained from the waterbuck, an animal that has also been found to repel tsetse flies.

A blend of these chemicals has been packaged in innovative dispensers which, when worn as collars around the neck of cattle, essentially make cattle unattractive to tsetse flies.

“In comparison to the waterbuck repellent, the chemical blend identified from zebras appears to offer a comparable, longer lasting and more affordable alternative, although this potential requires further research,” says Baldwyn Torto, Head of icipe Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, and co-supervisor and mentor of Ms. Olaide.

In recent years, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has published an atlas indicating the prevalence of trypanosomiasis across Africa to help curb this menace that kills 3 million livestock animals annually in the Africa continent.

Known as the Atlas of African Agriculture Research and Development , it comprises a series of maps and short analyses on Africa’s diverse agricultural challenges and opportunities.

Among the key pages is the illustration containing information on the location of cattle and production systems.

This information is combined with the distribution of tsetse fly species in the area to estimate the presence and absence of trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly.

These maps are a boon to researchers, farmers and government officials involved in its trypanosomiasis control.

Nagana also affects rural development and livelihoods more generally by limiting options for mixed farming and hindering a balanced use of natural resources.

Another related map shows the estimated benefits to livestock farmers expressed in US $ per square kilometre if there is total eradication of trypanosomiasis.

According to the maps, benefits in the Horn of Africa would amount to nearly $2.5 billion, discounted at 10 percent over 20 years to account for the opportunity cost of funds— an average of approximately $3,300 per square kilometer of tsetse-infested area.

The maps also indicates production systems- where for instance mixed farming is heavily dependent on the use of draft oxen in Ethiopia, areas of Sudan and South Sudan where oxen use is much lower, and the strictly pastoral areas of Somalia and Kenya.

Other than livestock, the atlas covers seven topics. They include political, demographic and institutional classifications.

Others areas include the footprints of agriculture, the the role of water in African agriculture, drivers of change in African agriculture, access to agricultural trade and human welfare.

By presenting a broad range of geospatial data and explanatory text, the analysts hope the Atlas will serve as a reliable and up-to-date guide for informed decision-making, which can help speed, broaden and sustain Africa’s agricultural productivity.

The 30-plus map atlas is a collaborative 5 year-work that has included many experts and organisations.

These organisations include the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Other partners were McGill University, HarvestChoice,  IFPRI, Welt Hunger Hilfe and Concern Worldwide. (ends)  

 

Vaccines for malignant catarrhal fever for Maasai cattle

Cattle fever vaccine    by Mwangi Mumero

Researchers at the Nairobi-based International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in collaboration with global partners have developed a vaccine to control malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal disease passed from wildebeest to cattle and sheep.

While the world has its eyes focused on the annual wildlife migration in the Maasai Mara Game reserve, livestock herders are forced to move their animals to prevent them from getting this deadly disease.

The virus is transmitted to cattle during the wildebeest calving season.

This causes a dilemma for the Maasai pastoralists.

If they move their cattle to avoid the wildebeests, they incur costs from lost opportunities to consume and sell milk and meat, and the labour input needed to move the cattle.

If they stay in the wildebeest grazing zones, they are at risk of losing approximately 10 percent of animals from their herds, which represents a significant loss to their livelihoods.

The vaccine has shown to offer a safe and effective method of protecting cattle against the disease with a vaccine efficacy of 80 percent.

Researchers from a number of organisations came together at the Kapiti Research Station located in Machakos County, Kenya.

The 13,000-hectare research station has approximately 2,500 cattle, 1,200 sheep and 250 goats coexisting with wildlife including wildebeests, giraffe and zebra as well as lions, hyenas and cheetahs.

The unique mix of livestock and wildlife at the research facility enables scientists to test the dynamics of disease transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface, which is a critical step towards understanding the ecology of livestock diseases.

Five years ago, a severe outbreak of the disease at ILRI’s Kapiti Research Station as well as in the plains of Maasai Mara highlighted the economic impact of the disease and the need for an effective control measure.

“We are happy with the result of the trail which show the vaccine is safe and effective for controlling the disease in cattle”, observed Dr. Elizabeth Cook, a scientist at ILRI and the lead author of the study.

Dr. Cook however notes that current limitation to the roll out of the vaccine is that it is produced on small scale for research purposes only. A partner to scale up production and marketing of the vaccine in both Kenya and Tanzania is being sought, according to the researcher.

Funding for the research work came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK Aid. (Ends).

Kenya's macadamia rolls on in the local and international markets

Macadamia markets            by Mwangi Mumero

Rising global demand coupled with sector regulation has boosted Kenya’s macadamia production and earning in the last few years.

Global trends towards plant-based oil products as well as health conscious consumers have anchored increased demand- boosting farmers’ earnings.

Used as food, macadamia nuts are rich in unsaturated oil, iron, manganese as well as vitamins A and B. It also has the cancer- fighting antioxidants.  In the cosmetic industry, it is used as a face scrub.

In the last two years, price of macadamia nuts have shot from Ksh 50 to Ksh 150 per kilo at the farm gate.

Unpredictable earnings from coffee has endeared farmers to shift to less risky but lucrative crops such as macadamia- salvaging the fortunes of mostly small holder farmers that live in the rainy Central Kenya and western highlands.

Production is mainly done by over 11,000 smallholder farmers in 16 counties unlike in the market leaders, China and South Africa, where macadamia in grown in large scale farming.

Kenya is the third largest macadamia producer with 20 percent of the market share.

Kenya has about 200,000 small farms that currently produce an estimated 42,500 tonnes of in-shell nuts annually.

But with the soaring demand of the nuts, farmers are increasing acreage under the crop.

According to Kenya’s Economic Survey 2018, the area under macadamia rose to 16,153 hectares in 2017 compared to 15,512 hectares the previous year, leading to an additional production of 1.443 metric tonnes of nuts over the period.

The total value of crop rose from Ksh 4.3 billion in 2015 to Ksh 5.1 billion in 2017 due to rising global demand.

While the majority of the farms are located in the Mt. Kenya region in the counties of Murang’a, Kiambu, Nyeri, Embu and Meru, farmers in non-traditional areas are taking up the crop.

Farmers in Uasin Gichu, Elgeyo Marakwet and Nandi counties- traditionally Kenya’s food baskets, known for their maize and wheat production- are moving to macadamia.

Even in traditional macadamia producing regions, there is an observable move to the crop.

“Macadamia farming is far better than coffee. It has fewer risks and overheads. Less bureaucratic marketing channels translates to better and more reliable returns,” said Mrs. Julia Wanja, a farmer in Mumwe area in Nyeri County and one of the pioneer macadamia farmers in the region.

Regulation of the macadamia sub-sector has however been the major catalyst for increased interest in the crop.

Previously, farmers would harvest the raw nuts and sell to brokers and smugglers across the borders- prompting rising thefts, low prices and demoralized farmers.

Banning of this practice has seen increased production of mature nuts from 11,000 metric tonnes to over 45,000 metric tonnes in the last decade.

The number of nut processors has also shot from 4 in 2009 to 30 in 2018- indicating the increased prospects of the sector, according to the Nut Processors Association of Kenya (NutPAK), the umbrella body that bring together processors.

The government regulator, Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA) has also set the timelines for harvesting to safeguard the quality and curb entry of raw nuts into the market.

“Regulation and surveillance in crop areas deter early harvesting. Premature harvesting increased losses on farmers as buyers leave some nuts during selection,” observed Charles Muigai, NutPAK chief executive officers lauding the government on its role in streamlining the industry.

NutPAK has also developed a code of conduct to ensure that its members harmonise quality of nuts and safeguard the Kenya’s international market, according to Muigai, whose members include 90 percent of the processors.

Farmers have also been supportive of the increased regulation of the previously chaotic marketing.

“We are establishing nut collection centres in villages across Kenya to weed out middlemen who exploit farmers. The law prohibiting exportation of raw nuts has been a boon for us farmers,’ said Edward Maigho, the national chairman, Macadamia Farmers Association of Kenya, which links up 10,000 members.

Over 98 percent of Kenya’s macadamia produce is sold globally.

Key competition for the Kenyan produce comes from China, South Africa, Malawi, Australia and Vietnam, according to NutPAK.

These nations have put in place harvesting practices as well as other code of regulations to also safeguard their market share.

Global production is estimated to increase from the current 200,000 tonnes to 276,000 tonnes in 2020.

Experts say that a mature tree of macadamia can produce 80kg to 300 kg of nuts although most farmers get a maximum of 50kg mainly due to poor crop husbandry practices and weak clones.

“Production of nuts depends on the amount of rainfall and will fall especially where farmers have no access to irrigation water. An acre of land can hold up to 71 trees,” noted Dunson Munene, a field operations officer at Afrimac Nuts Company.